The CEAIS is the first database for iron- and steelmaking facilities that uses national Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS) data (the actual systematic, source-level and real-time emission measurements) to estimate nationwide, detailed and dynamic emission factors (that is, emission intensities) and total emissions of PM, SO₂, and NO_X. The CEAIS addresses the limitations of existing database from the following three perspectives. First, because the CEMS network targets stack concentrations of different air pollutants (also the targets of the strengthened emission standards and ULE standards), which allows us to determine the compliance behaviors of Chinese iron- and steelmaking facilities and the associated impacts. Second, the use of actual measurements allows for a direct estimation for iron- and steelmaking emissions without using many assumptions and indirect parameters in previous estimations but with accounting for changes in fuel composition, operations and maintenance, technology detail and technology upgrades that can affect actual emissions, which largely reduces the uncertainty on estimates. Third, the real-time (hourly) measurements by CEMS present dynamics of the polluting behaviors of Chinese iron- and steelmaking facilities and the compliance behaviors with the strengthened emission standards over time.

Reference: Xin Bo, Min Jia, Xiaoda Xue, Ling Tang*, Zhifu Mi*, Shouyang Wang*, Weigeng Cui, Xiangyu Chang, Jianhui Ruan, Guangxia Dong, Beihai Zhou and Steven J. Davis. Effect of strengthened standards on Chinese ironmaking and steelmaking emissions [J]. Nature Sustainability, 2021 (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00736-0).

The air quality model, a multi-scale regional chemical transport model, particularly specializes in capturing synergistic effects among multiple pollutants involved in different atmospheric physical processes and chemical reactions. Accordingly, IEI team employed the air quality model, including CAMx and CMAQ, to analyze the environmental impact of aviation emissions, iron and steel emissions in China.

As required by “Environmental Impact Assessment Basic Database Program”, our team has developed a nationwide industrial emission inventory (IEI). Based on online monitoring data of electric power industry in China, the report acquires temporal variation characteristics to promote the temporal resolution of air pollutant emission inventory of electric power industry in China, which can meet the requirement on emission time variation in the industry by research of domestic air quality model, and provide support to the environment management in the electric power industry.

Appendix:Emission temporal profile of power plants in China.pdf

HAEC is the first overall inventory for aviation emissions from all the civil airports in mainland China. In the HAECA dataset, various aircraft emissions, including nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), hydro-carbons (HC), particulate matter (PM_2.5and PM₁₀), volatile organic carbons (VOCs) and black carbon (BC), during landing and take-off cycles (below 3 km) are estimated for both recent (2000-2017) and future (2020) scenarios. Furthermore, the corresponding environmental impacts are measured by the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions (CAMx). These results offer insightful policy implications for China's aviation planning.

Authors：

Xin Bo,

Xiaoda Xue,

Xiaoda Xue

Xiaoda Xue is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in management science and engineering at the School of Economics and Management, Beihang University. His research interests include energy economics and management, atmospheric emissions inventory and air pollution modeling. He has published 1 paper in Atmospheric Environment.

E-mail: xuexiaodaxxd@163.com

Jun Xu,Xiaohui Du,Beihai Zhou,

Ling Tang

Ling Tang

Ling Tang is a Professor at School of Economics and Management, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing, China. She has been awarded by National Natural Science Fund for Outstanding Young Scholars (2016) and the National Program for Support of Top Notch Young Professionals (2017).

Her research interests include energy economics and management. She has published over 40 papers in journals such as Energy Economics, Applied Energy, Energy, Energy Policy, International Journal of Forecasting, Journal of Forecasting and IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering.

E-mail: lingtang@buaa.edu.cn

Appendix: Aviation's emissions and contribution to the air quality in China. Pdf

Data download(HAEC,2016):

Email:  Xin Bo (boxinet@gmail.com)      Ling Tang(lingtang@buaa.edu.cn)

The CEAP is the first database using systematic, detailed, real-time monitoring data from Chinese newly installed national Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS) network to estimate nationwide, unit-based, time-varying emission factors and absolute emissions of SO₂, NO_X and PM from Chinese power plants. The CEAP addresses the limitations of existing database from the following three perspectives. First, because the CEMS network targets stack concentrations of different air pollutants (also the targets of the new ULE standards), which allows us to determine the compliance behaviour of Chinese power plants and the associated impacts. Second, the use of actual measurements allows for a direct estimation for power emissions without using many assumptions and intermediate parameters in previous estimations but with accounting for changes in fuel composition, operations and maintenance, technology detail, technology upgrades and weather conditions that can affect actual emissions, which largely reduces the uncertainty on estimates. Third, the real-time (hourly) measurements by CEMS present dynamics of the polluting behaviours of Chinese power plants and the compliance behaviors with the ULE standards over time.

References:Tang, L., Qu, J.B., Mi, Z.F*., Bo, X*., Chang, X.Y., Anadon, L.D., Wang, S.Y., Xue, X.D., Li, S.B., Wang, X. and Zhao, X.H. (2019). Substantial emission reductions from Chinese power plants after the introduction of ultra-low emissions standards, Nature Energy, 4: 1-10 (doi: 10.1038/s41560-019-0468-1).

Tang, L., Xue, X.D., Qu, J.B., Mi, Z.F*., Bo, X*., Chang, X.Y., Wang, S.Y., Li, S.B., Cui, W.G. and Dong, G.X. (2020). Air pollution emissions from Chinese power plants based on the continuous emission monitoring systems network, Sci. Data, 7: 325 (doi: 10.1038/s41597-020-00665-1).

Data download: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4813653.v3

The development of the basic data and data pre-processing tool for pollution source inventory model is completed on the basis of 2012 national population data, national administrative divisions, and 30m high resolution land use data. It creates a spatial mapping file with arbitrary projection and resolution mesh (SMOKE surrogate file), and as a result, it fills a vacancy in uniform spatial mapping file in domestic research on emission inventory.

Appendix: Basic data pre-processing analysis on pollution emission inventory model.pdf

Remote sensing interpretation and study on methods of locating the illegal constructions were performed for oil refineries and coal burning boilers. Remote sensing images of BTH area in 2014 were acquired. Through the general survey of refineries, steelworks, cement plants, thermal power plants in BTH area in 2014, we got coordinate information of major atmospheric point sources, unorganized stock yards and so forth, and we analyzed the stated of dismantled and shutdown steelworks, thermal power plants and cement plants.

Based on aircraft types, flights, and aircraft taking off and landing and other data, we set up the air pollutants emission inventory of the BCIA for the first time. The inventory uses Aermod air quality model to simulate BCIA’s air pollutants contribution to relevant sensitive residential communities, and lays foundations for the generation of air pollutant emission inventory for airports across the country (as following figure).

Prepared by: BO Xin, DUAN Gang, ZHOU Xin LU Li, HAN Ruru et al.

Reviewed by: LI Shibei

Appendix: Air pollution simulation study of Beijing capital international airport.pdf

There haven’t been any research on the explicit analysis of the air pollution of thermal power plants in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region so far. Our research team has established a comprehensive emission inventory of thermal power plants in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region (BTH-Power Plant Version 1.0) on the basis of data generated during online monitoring, environmental impact assessment, and acceptance of thermal power plants. Taking 2011 as the base year, the research of BTH-Power Plant version 1.0 covers Beijing and Tianjin, as well as all 11 cities in Hebei Province (i.e. Shijiazhuang, Tangshan, Handan, Xingtai, Hengshui, Cangzhou, Zhangjiakou, Chengde, Qinhuangdao, Langfang, and Baoding)  The research data is mainly derived from online monitoring, environmental impact assessment, and acceptance, of which online monitoring data comes from online monitoring system by Bureau of Environmental Supervision, MEP for key pollution sources, while environmental impact assessment data and acceptance data are from thermal power projects approved by MEP over the years. Compared to existing ones, the thermal power emission inventory provided by this research has been substantially advanced:

(1) It is the first time that thermal power emission inventory has been generated based on online monitoring data in China., which breaks through bottleneck caused by traditional emission factor method, and significantly promotes the temporal resolution of pollution source emission inventory.

(2) Emission data is completely based upon statistics from authoritative departments in Ministry of Environment Protection. The environmental impact assessment data, acceptance data and online monitoring data can be supplemented and compared with each other, which ensure data reliability.

(3) The acceptance data and online monitoring data are the existing status of emission data, which can effectively solve the problem that the eliminated thermal power units are included in the statistics in the traditional inventory. According to the calculation in BTH-Power Plant version 1.0, the locations of thermal power plants in BTH area are described in following figure.

Appendix: Air pollution effect of the thermal power plants in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.pdf

In response to the situation of the unclear air pollutants emission of the steel industry in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, and lacking of research on steel industry emission inventory, the  emission inventory research team has developed an emission inventory of iron and steel industry in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region (BTH-Steel Version 1.0), which is routing-based, bottom-to-up, and high spatiotemporal resolution, based on the data of steel industry surveys, enterprise online emission monitoring and pollution source investigations, considering the concrete information of specific equipment, environmental protection measures, production capacities in the steel industry.

Taking 2012 as the base year, the research of BTH-Steel V1.0 covers Beijing and Tianjin, as well as all 11 cities in Hebei Province (i.e. Shijiazhuang, Tangshan, Handan, Xingtai, Hengshui, Cangzhou, Zhangjiakou, Chengde, Qinhuangdao, Langfang, and Baoding) and deals with main processes in steel industry, including coke oven, sintering, pelletizing, blast furnace, converter, electric furnace, steel rolling. The pollutants cover SO₂, NO_X, and smoke dust. The research data is mainly derived from steel industry surveys, online monitoring, pollution source investigations (environmental impact assessment and satellite remote sensing), of which online monitoring data comes from key pollution source online monitoring system by Bureau of Environmental Supervision, MEP; environmental impact assessment data is from steel projects approved by MEP over the years; satellite remote sensing data is from remote sensing program of major polluting industries in BTH Region; and large amount of statistical data from steel industry and Hebei provincial government is used in this research for reference.

Prepared by: BO Xin, ZHAO Chunli, WU Tie, WANG Feilong, WANG Yan, et al

Reviewed by: LI Shibei, SU Yi

Appendix:Emission inventory with high temporal and spatial resolution of steel industry in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. pdf